12 BEST LEONARDO DA VINCI INVENTIONS
達·芬奇的12項最佳發明
By
： 12 Best Leonardo Da Vinci Inventions （grunge。com）
The Mona Lisa
tends to be
one of the first things that
come to mind
when the name Leonardo da Vinci is mentioned。 This is likely why the so-called Renaissance man is strongly associated with painting。 However， there are fewer than 20 paintings still in existence that experts can confirm were made by the legendary
polymath
， including some that were never finished。
當提到達·芬奇這個名字時，人們往往首先想到的就是蒙娜麗莎。這可能就是為什麼所謂的文藝復興時期人士與繪畫密切相關的原因。然而，專家們可以確認的只有不到 20 幅畫是由這位傳奇的博學家創作的，其中還包括一些未完成的畫作。
tend to be
tend（［tend］），不及物動詞，指“
傾向；易於；往往會
”（to be likely to behave in a particular way or have a particular characteristic）。
用法：
tend to do sth. 傾向於做某事
例：Julia tends to get upset if anyone makes the slightest criticism of her work。
自己的工作稍微遇到一點點批評，潔西卡就有發怒的傾向。
come to mind
come to （one’s） mind，不及物動詞短語，指“
突然想起；（想法）一下子冒出來
”（be remembered）。
例：When discussing influential modern artists， three names immediately come to mind。
在討論現代有影響的藝術家時，一下子有三個名字出現在腦海中。
polymath
polymath（［pɑ。li。mθ］），名詞，指“
博學的人
”（a person who knows a lot about many different subjects）
Interestingly， evidence
points to
da Vinci being a more
prolific
inventor and designer than painter。 The
Codex Atlanticus
consists of 1，119 papers that contain da Vinci‘s numerous sketches and concepts for what could have been his real-world inventions。 The collection reportedly spans da Vinci’s life from 1478 to 1519， and contains ideas
pertaining
to architecture， mathematics，
hydraulics
， and more。
有趣的是，有證據表明，比起畫家，達·芬奇更是一位多產的發明家和設計師。由1，119張手稿組成的《大西洋古抄本》中，就包含了大量達·芬奇畫的的草圖和概念圖，而這些草圖和概念圖可能就源自於他在現實中的發明。據報道，《大西洋古抄本》涵蓋了達芬奇從1478年到1519年間的設計創意，包括與建築、數學、水力學等有關的想法。
point to
point to，指“
表明可能是；表明…可能會發生
”（to make it seem likely that a particular fact is true or that a particular event will happen）。
例：All the evidence points to suicide。
所有的證據都表明可能是自殺。
prolific
prolific（［prlf。k］），名詞，指“
作品豐富的；多產的
“（producing a great number or amount of something）。
例：He was probably the most prolific songwriter of his generation。
他可能是他這代人中最多產的歌曲作家。
Codex Atlanticus
Codex Atlanticus，《大西洋古抄本》，是諸多列奧納多·達·芬奇的手稿集冊中最大的一部，共12卷，1119張，年代分佈為1478年到1519年，包含的類別非常廣泛，有飛行、武器、樂器、數學、植物學等等，讓後人得以一窺達·芬奇多才多藝的思路。
pertain
pertain（［prten］），不及物動詞，指“
與…相關；屬於；適用（於）
”
（If one thing pertains to another， it relates， belongs， or applies to it。）。
用法：pertain to sth
例：We are only interested in the parts of the proposals that pertain to local issues。
我們只對議案中涉及當地問題的部分感興趣。
hydraulics
hydraulics（［hadrɑ。lks］），名詞，指“
水力發電系統，水力發動機
“（a system of using water to produce power）。
例：The hydraulics failed and the digger stopped。
水力發動機停轉了，挖掘機也就停止了工作。
According to the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum， da Vinci‘s notes contained illustrations of
structures
，
armaments
， and vehicles， as well as mechanical
contraptions
intended to make human flight possible。 Unfortunately， for reasons that many of today’s artists could likely relate to， almost none of da Vinci‘s impressive ideas became reality， either because he lost the will to
follow through
with them or didn’t have enough funding to actually build them。 In addition， he never published any of his notes； had they not been discovered years after da Vinci‘s
demise
， they would have been lost to time。
據史密森尼航空航天博物館的資訊，達·芬奇的筆記中包含有關於建築、武器和車輛的插圖，以及那些使人類飛行成為可能的機械裝置。遺憾的是，可能是由於當今許多藝術家的涉入，幾乎沒有一個達·芬奇令人印象深刻的設計成為現實，不是因為他失去了堅持下去的意願，就是因為沒有足夠的資金來支撐他把設計製作出來。此外，他的筆記從來就沒有公開發表過，如果不是在他去世多年後這些筆記被發現，它們可能就隨著時間的流逝而消失了。
structure
structure，名詞，指“
結構體；（尤指）大型建築物
”（something that has been made or built from parts， especially a large building）。
例：The proposed new office tower is a steel and glass structure 43 storeys high。
擬議建造的新辦公大樓是一棟高43層的鋼鐵玻璃結構的建築物。
armament
armament（［ɑr。m。mnt］），名詞，指“
武裝；戰備
”（the process of increasing the number and strength of a country’s weapons）。
例：As the country prepares for war， more and more money is being spent on armament。
這個國家準備開戰，軍備開支越來越大。
contraption
contraption（［kntrp。n］），名詞，指“
（尤指不知如何使用的）笨拙的裝置；過時的機器；奇怪的玩意兒
”（a device or machine that looks awkward or old-fashioned， especially one that you do not know how to use）。
例：What‘s that strange contraption in the garage？
你車庫裡那個奇怪的裝置到底是什麼？
follow through
follow through，不及物短語，指“
堅持到底，堅持完成
”（continue ［sth］ to completion）。
例：He’s very good at starting things but never seems to manage to follow through。
他非常擅長開始做事，但似乎從來沒有堅持到底。
follow through with sth，就是指“完成某事”。
例：Sam is always making plans but she never follows through with any of them。
山姆總是在制定計劃，但她從不執行任何計劃。
demise
demise（［dmaz］），名詞，書面語，指“
死亡，過世，一命嗚呼
”（death of a person）。
例：The actor‘s fans mourned his demise。
那位演員的粉絲們紛紛悼念他的過世。
Regardless， da Vinci’s sketches prove that he was， in many ways， ahead of his time。 Here are a few of the best concepts and inventions from the Italian genius。
無論如何，達芬奇的手繪圖證明了他在很多方面都領先於他的時代。以下是這位義大利天才的一些最佳設計概念和發明。
1
PARACHUTE
降落傘
One of Leonardo da Vinci‘s ideas that surprisingly
predated
a modern technology was the parachute。 There’s no evidence that da Vinci actually built and tried it， and many credit French
aeronaut
Louis-Sébastien Lenormand as the first person to make a practical parachute descent in 1783。 Still， the fact that da Vinci drew up his own plans a couple of centuries earlier is pretty impressive。
列奧納多·達·芬奇令人驚訝的設計之一就是早於現代技術的降落傘。沒有證據表明達·芬奇真的製造並試用過他設計的降落傘，且許多人認為，法國熱氣球旅行者路易斯-塞巴斯蒂安·勒諾曼在1783年成為了第一個進行實際降落傘下降的人。儘管如此，達·芬奇能在幾個世紀前就畫出降落傘的設計圖還是令人印象深刻的。
parachute
parachute（［per。。ut］），名詞，指“降落傘”（A parachute is a device which enables a person to jump from an aircraft and float safely to the ground。 It consists of a large piece of thin cloth attached to your body by strings。）。
predate
predate（［pridet］），及物動詞，指“早於…存在（或發生）”（to have existed or happened before another thing）。
例：These cave paintings predate any others which are known。
這些洞穴繪畫早於其他任何已知的同類繪畫。
aeronaut
aeronaut（［ernt］），名詞，指“熱氣球（或飛艇）乘客”（a traveller in a hot-air balloon or airship）。
下圖為塞巴斯蒂安·勒諾曼利用他設計的降落傘降落。
According to da Vinci Inventions， the inventor‘s parachute sketch came with a description explaining how it would work。 As per da Vinci’s notes， the parachute （or “tent”） would have been made of
linen
， and would have measured approximately 23 feet long。 Despite the triangle-shaped
canop
y and rather heavy wooden frame — two factors that today‘s experts believe could have seriously affected its functionality — the inventor stated in his writings that its user “will be able to
throw himself down
from any great height without suffering any injury。”
據“達芬奇發明”網站的資訊，達芬奇在降落傘的草圖上附有說明，解釋了它是如何工作的。根據達芬奇的筆記，降落傘（或“帳篷”）由亞麻製成，長度約為23英尺（約7米）。不過，它有著三角形的頂罩和相當重的木框架，在如今的專家看來，這兩個部分可能會嚴重影響它的功能。達芬奇還在他的筆記中寫到，降落傘的使用者“將能夠從任何高處跳下而不會受到任何傷害。”
linen
linen（［ln。n］），名詞，指“
亞麻布
”（strong cloth made from the fibres of the flax plant）。
canopy
canopy（［kn。。pi］），名詞，指，“
（座位或床上的）頂罩，華蓋，罩篷
”（a cover fixed over a seat or bed， etc。 for shelter or decoration）。
throw down
throw sth down，指“
將某物扔下，擲下
”（toss downward）。
例：Just throw your bag down over there。
把你的袋子就扔到那邊吧。
In
Croatian
inventor
Fausto Veranzio
’s 1616 book “Machinae Novae，” he included an illustration of a man wearing a parachute
reminiscent
of da Vinci‘s design。 The sketch， which was labeled Homo Volans （“The Flying Man”）， contributed to the belief that he was actually the first man to build and test a modern parachute。 However， no evidence supports this claim， according to the tourism website of Croatia。 In 2000， the late British
skydive
r
Adrian Nichols
built and tested da Vinci’s parachute， and proved that it worked。
在克羅埃西亞發明家浮士德·威朗茲歐（Fausto Veranzio）於1616年出版的著作《新式機器》（Machinae Novae）中，就有一副穿著降落傘的男人的插圖，這讓人想起了達芬奇的設計。這張名為 “Homo Volans”（“飛人”）的草圖讓人們相信他實際上是第一個建造並測試現代降落傘的人。但是，根據克羅埃西亞的旅遊網站，沒有任何證據支援這一觀點。2000年，已故的英國跳傘運動員阿德里安·尼科爾斯（Adrian Nichols）建造且測試了達芬奇的降落傘，並證明了它真地有用。
Croatian
Croatian（［kroe。n］），形容詞，指“
克羅埃西亞的
”（belonging to or relating to Croatia， its people， or its language）。
Fausto Veranzio
Fausto Veranzio，主角、發明家、博學家，被譽為是“17世紀的達芬奇”，在 1595 及 1616 年，他自費出版了一本令後人稱讚的名著：《新式機器》（Machinae Novae）。在這本書中，他用 49 幅繪畫描述了 56 種不同的機器、裝置和技術概念
下圖就是《Machinae Novae》有關降落傘的插圖。
reminiscent
reminiscent（［rem。ns。nt］），形容詞，指“
使人想起…的；使人回憶起…的
”（making you remeber a particular person， event， or thing）。
用法：be reminiscent of sb/sth
例：That song is so reminiscent of my adolescence。
那首歌勾起了我對青少年時代的無限回憶。
skydiver
skydiver（［skada。v］），名詞，指“
跳傘運動員
”（a person who practises the sport of skydiving）。
例：He was a skilled skydiver with numerous qualifications。
他是一名熟練的跳傘運動員，擁有多項資格證書。
Adrian Nichols
阿德里安·尼古拉斯是一名英國跳傘運動員，曾在 30 個國家完成了8，000多次跳躍。他最出名的是他在 2000年7月成功測試了達芬奇的降落傘設計，證明它是世界上第一個有實際效果的降落傘。
2
CLOCK
鐘錶
Leonardo da Vinci‘s clock demonstrates the Italian polymath’s
knack
for taking existing concepts and making them better。 During his time， clocks displayed hours and minutes， but they were far less accurate compared to
subsequent
time-telling devices， largely because the
pendulum
was still two centuries away from being incorporated into clockmaking。 Meanwhile， da Vinci‘s sketch of his redesigned clock reveals that he
came up with
a way to improve the
gadget
’s precision through a combination of creativity and mechanical know-how。
達·芬奇設計的鐘表證明瞭，這位義大利博學家有采用現有概念並對其進行最佳化的本事。在他所處的時代，鐘錶可以顯示小時和分鐘，但與隨後出現的讀時裝置在準確性上存在較大的誤差。主要原因是，那時候距離鐘擺運用到鐘錶製造中還有兩個世紀呢。同時，達·芬奇對鐘錶改進設計的手稿表明，他透過將自己的創造性和機械知識相結合，提高了這個裝置的準確性。
knack
knack（［nk］），名詞，指“
技能，本事，技巧
”（a skill or an ability to do sth easily and well）。
例：She has the knack of making people feel comfortable。 她有讓人如沐春風的本事。
subsequent
subsequent（［sbskwnt］），形容詞，指“
隨後的，接著的
”（happening after sth else）。
例：The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from politics。
書中講述了他患病及隨後隱退政壇的事。
pendulum
pendulum（［pendlm］），名詞，指“
擺錘，（尤其是）鐘擺
”（a device consisting of a weight on a stick or thread that moves from one side to the other， especially one that forms a part of some types of clocks）。
例：The pendulum in the grandfather clock swung back and forth。
落地鐘的鐘擺來回晃動。
come up with
come up with sth，指“
想出，提出（主意或計劃）
”（to suggest or think of an idea or plan）。
例：She’s come up with some amazing scheme to double her income。
她想出一個驚人的計劃來使自己的收入增加一倍。
gadget
gadget（［ɡdt］），名詞，指“
小器具，小裝置，小玩意兒
”（a small device or machine with a particular purpose）。
例：Have you seen this hardy little gadget—it’s for separating egg yolks from white。
你見過這種很有用的小裝置嗎？它是用來把蛋清和蛋黃分開的。
The reimagined clock contained a series of small parts — gears，
harnesses
， and
weights
— that made up two separate mechanisms。 One mechanism was in charge of the hours， while the other
setup
counted the minutes。 The clock could also let its owner monitor the
phases
of the moon via an attached dial。 Interestingly， da Vinci‘s clock also had some
unconventional
components in the form of rocks and diamonds。
重新設計的鐘表包含一系列的小部件——齒輪、繫帶和砝碼，構成兩個相對獨立的機械裝置。一個負責顯示小時，另一個負責數分鐘。該鐘表還可以利用附帶的錶盤，讓所有者監看月亮的相位。有趣的是，達·芬奇設計的鐘表，還有一些不同尋常的元件，以石頭和鑽石為材質。
harnesses
harnesses（［hɑrnsz］），名詞，指“
挽具，繫帶
”（a piece of equipment with straps and belts， used to control or hold in place a person， animal or object）。
例：The climber wore a harness to keep him safe in case he made a mistake。
攀巖者穿戴上了保險繩，以防自己犯錯。
weight
weight（［wet］），名詞，指“
砝碼，發條
”（a piece of metal known heaviness that can be used to measure the heaviness of other object。）
setup
setup，名詞，指“
裝置，器具
”（gathered equipment）。
例：We left our setup on stage for tomorrow night’s concert。
我們把裝置留在了舞臺上，方便明天晚上開演唱會。
phase
phase（［fez］），名詞，指“
（月亮的）相位，盈虧
”（the phase of the moon are the regular changes in its shapes as it appears to us on earth）。
unconventional
unconventional（［nknvennl］），形容詞，指“
不因循守舊的，不同尋常的
”（different from what is usual or from the way most people do things）。
例：He’s unconventional in dress： he’s always stands out in a crowd。
他的著裝不落俗套：他總是在人群中脫穎而出。
Perhaps the most significant change in da Vinci’s design， however， was the means through which it was operated： Unlike other clocks at the time， da Vinci‘s device would be operated by
springs
。 This design choice turned out to be so effective that today’s clock and watch manufacturers still include springs in their products。
他的設計最重大的改變可能就是讓鐘錶可以進行操縱。不像當時的其他鐘表，達·芬奇的鐘表能透過彈簧進行操作。該設計使得鐘錶更加有效率。如今的鐘表和手錶製造商仍舊在他們的產品中加入彈簧。
springs
spring，名詞，指“
彈簧，發條
”（a piece of curved or bent metal that can be pressed into a smaller space but then returns to its usual shape）。
例：The children have jumped on the couch so much that they‘ve ruined the springs。
孩子們老是在沙發上跳來跳去的，把彈簧都弄壞了。
3
ANEMOMETER
風速計
Another existing invention that Leonardo da Vinci improved upon was the
anemometer
， an instrument for measuring wind pressure and speed that is still useful for today’s weather experts。 The original design for the anemometer came from Italian architect Leon Battista Alberti in 1450， while da Vinci probably came up with his version about three decades later。
達·芬奇改進的另一項發明就是風速計，這是一種測量風壓和風速的儀器，對當今的氣象專家們仍然有幫助。風速計最初是由來自義大利的建築師 Leon Battista Alberti 於 1450 年設計，而達·芬奇可能在大約 30 年後提出了他的版本。
anemometer
anemometer（［n。mɑ。m。t］），名詞，指“
風速計，風力計
”（a device that measures the speed and force of wind）。
The base of da Vinci‘s anemometer is shaped like an arc， with a scale printed on it。 At the center of the piece， a wooden
rectangle
is suspended via a
hinge
， moving along with the wind。 The value for the wind’s force would depend on which point or
notch
on the scale the dangling wooden rectangle reaches。
達·芬奇風速計的底座呈弧形，上面印有刻度。在該設計的中間，是一個由鉸鏈懸掛的木製矩形部件，可以隨風晃動。風力值取決於懸掛的木製矩形件到達刻度上的哪個點或凹槽。
rectangle
rectangle（［rek。t。ɡl］），名詞，指“
長方形；矩形
”（a flat shape with four 90° angles and four sides， with opposite sides of equal length）。
hinge
hinge（［hnd］），名詞，指“
合頁，鉸鏈
”（a piece of metal that fastens the edge of a door， window， lid， etc。 to something else and allows it to open or close）。
例：We had to take the front door off its hinges to get our new sofa into the house。
我們不得不把前門從合頁上卸下來才把新沙發搬進了屋子裡。
notch
notch（［nɑt］），名詞，指“
（硬物表面的）V形槽口，V形切
”（a V-shaped cut in a hard surface）。
It‘s likely that part of the reason behind this innovation was da Vinci’s
undeniable
fascination with human flight。 According to The Leonardo， da Vinci‘s anemometer concept was significantly more effective than the existing design， and was designed “for measuring distance traversed per hour with the force of the wind。” In da Vinci’s mind， perhaps， this could have helped subsequent attempts at flight become successful， as it could give people a better picture of the wind‘s direction prior to takeoff。
這項改進設計的背後原因，有一部分可能是因為達·芬奇對人類飛行的執著迷戀。根據“The Leonardo”網站的資訊，達·芬奇的風速儀比現有設計要更有效，其目的是用於“測量每小時風力透過的距離”。在達·芬奇看來，這或許能為之後進行的飛行試驗取得成功提供幫助，因為它可以讓人們更好地瞭解起飛前的風向。
undeniable
undeniable（［n。dna。。bl］），形容詞，指“
不可否認的；千真萬確的
”（certainly true）。
例：It is an undeniable fact that we will all die one day。
不可否認的事實是，我們都會有一天死去。
4
SELF-PROPELLED CART
自驅車
It might be strange to imagine that someone from Leonardo da Vinci’s time could come up with the precursor to
self-propelled
vehicles。 However， that‘s exactly what da Vinci’s sketch from 1478 suggests。 The artist and inventor may have been the first person to actually
draw up
the plans that would eventually inspire NASA‘s Mars
Rover
。
可能無法想象，達·芬奇所處的時代有人能設計出自驅車。然而，達·芬奇在1478年所繪的草圖確實說明了一切。這位藝術家兼發明家，可能是第一個真正激發了NASA發明了火星探測器的人。
self-propelled
self-propelled（［self。prpeld］），名詞，指“
自驅動的；自走的，自行的
”（able to move by its own power）。
draw up
draw up，指“
起草，草擬
”（to prepare something， usually something official， in writing）。
例：I’ve drawn up a list of candidates that I‘d like to interview。
我草擬了一個想要採訪的候選人名單。
rover
rover（［ro。v］），名詞，指“（
用於其他行星的粗糙地面、有時可從地球遙控的）車，探測器
”（a small vehicle that can move over rough ground， often used on the surface of other planets， sometimes controlled from the earth）。
例：See the latest amazing photos from NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity currently exploring the Red Planet。
請看正在探索紅色星球的美國宇航局“好奇號”火星探測器發回的最新照片，令人驚歎。
The illustration
depicts
an
open-top
cart with three wheels， measuring 5 feet 6 inches in length and an inch short of 5 feet in width。 It was designed to continuously move on its own， without requiring someone to push it。 Two large
coiled leaf
springs regulated a drive mechanism underneath the three-wheeler， while brakes connected by a hidden rope could let an operator from
afar
stop it at will。 Apparently， this “automobile” also had steering capabilities； the sketch suggested that aside from moving forward， it could make right turns，
albeit
at preset angles。
上面的插圖展示了一輛帶有三個輪子的敞篷自驅車，長5英尺6英寸，寬不到5 英尺。該設計旨在實現車子的自行移動，不需要人力推動。三輪車下方的驅動機構由兩個大型螺旋板簧調節，而透過隱藏繩索連線的制動器可以讓操作員遠端隨意操作停車。顯然，這輛“自動車”也有轉向能力；達·芬奇的草圖表明，除了向前移動之外，它還可以右轉，雖然是以預設的角度。
depict
depict（［dpkt］），及物動詞，指“
描繪，描述，描寫
”（to represent or show something in a picture or story）。
例：In the book， he depicts his father as a tyrant。
在那本書裡，他把自己的父親描寫成了一個暴君。
open-top
open-top，形容詞，做定語，指“
敞篷的（小轎車或客車）
”（An open-top car， bus， etc。 does not have a roof， or has a roof that you can fold back。）。
coiled leaf
coil（［kl］），動詞，及物或不及物，指“
盤繞，捲成卷
”（to arrange something in a coil）。
例：She coiled her hair into a neat bun on top of her head。
她把頭髮在頭頂挽成一個利落的髮髻。
coiled leaf springs：螺旋板彈簧
afar
afar（［fɑr］），副詞，指“
從遠處；遙遠地；在遠處
”（from or at a great distance）。
用法：from afar
例：People came from afar to see the show。
人們從很遠的地方趕來觀看錶演。
albeit
albeit（［ɑlbi。t］），連詞，指“
雖然，儘管
”（although）。
例：The evening was very pleasant， albeit a little quiet。
那個夜晚過得非常愉快，儘管有點兒冷清。
Due to the
intricate
nature of da Vinci‘s self-propelled cart sketch， people who tried to figure out how it could work had trouble understanding it。 Furthermore， they concluded that da Vinci didn’t intend for the vehicle to be built for transport， but for entertainment purposes。 In 2006， a team of experts under the guidance of Florence‘s Institute and Museum of the History of Science came together and constructed the cart （based on previous attempts to realize da Vinci’s design）， proving that it could work。
由於達·芬奇的自驅車草圖很複雜，想要弄清楚它的工作原理很難。此外，研究人員認為，達·芬奇設計它的目的不是為了運輸，而是為了娛樂。2006年，在佛羅倫薩研究所和科學史博物館的指導下，一個專家團隊聚在一起（基於前人將達·芬奇的設計實物化的嘗試）製造出了這輛自驅車，並證明了它是可以執行的。
intricate
intricate（［n。tr。kt］），形容詞，指“
錯綜複雜的；複雜精細的；難理解的；難解決的
”（having a lot of small parts or details that are arranged in a complicated way and are therefore sometimes difficult to understand， solve， or produce）。
例：The watch mechanism is extremely intricate and very difficult to repair。
手錶的機械結構非常複雜精細，很難修理。
5
ARMORED CAR
裝甲車
A number of Leonardo da Vinci‘s designs
showcased
tools for warfare that were quite remarkable for his time — which is ironic， considering how the painter and inventor was reportedly a “
pacifist
at heart
”。 Experts believe that to be the reason why his armored car design， which many consider to be the grandfather of today’s tanks， had a
glaring
mistake that a man with such precision and vision was highly unlikely to commit。
達芬·奇的許多設計都是屬於戰爭工具，在他那個年代，這些是非常引人注目的。諷刺的是，後人稱這位畫家兼發明家為“真正的反戰者”。專家們認為，他的裝甲車（許多人視其為當今坦克的“祖父”）存在一個明顯的錯誤，而一個嚴謹且有想象力的人是不可能犯下如此明顯的錯誤的。
showcase
showcase（［o。kes］），及物動詞，指“
展示…的優點；充分展示
”（to show the best qualities or parts of something）。
例：The main aim of the exhibition is to showcase British design。
該展覽的主要目的是一展英國設計的風采。
pacifist
pacifist（ps。。fst），名詞，指“
反戰主義者，和平主義者；綏靖主義者
”（someone who believes in pacifism）。
at heart
at heart，副詞短語，指“
（某人）真正的樣子
”（used to say what someone is really like）。
例：He had dozens of friends， but he was a private person at heart。
他有幾十個朋友，但其實是一個很私密的人。
glaring
glaring（［ɡler。］），形容詞，指“
（負面事物）十分顯眼的，易見的，明顯的
”（used to say that something bad is very obvious）。
例：How could you not catch this glaring miscalculation？
你怎麼會發現不了這個明顯的計算錯誤呢？
According to The Leonardo， da Vinci‘s proto-tank was designed to move in any direction。 This
behemoth
of a machine required at least six people to operate from within， and its size and
visage
were intended to break even the most solid enemy soldier
formations
。 （Given how da Vinci’s sketches make it appear like an alien spaceship on wheels， it certainly does look fearsome。） It
sported
a circular platform armed with light cannons， which could turn a full 360 degrees。 It also had
slanted
metal plates serving as protection， as well as a sighting
turret
for aiming and steering。
根據“The Leonardo”網站的資訊，達·芬奇想要設計一個可以向任何方向移動的坦克。而這個龐然大物的機器至少需要六個人從內部操作，它如此尺寸和外觀，為的是能破壞敵方最堅固計程車兵編隊。（考慮到達·芬奇的草圖很像一艘帶著輪子的外星飛船，看起來確實很可怕）。它的圓形平臺上裝有一臺輕型大炮，可以360度旋轉。此外，還配有防禦用的傾斜金屬板，以及用於瞄準和轉向的觀察炮塔。
behemoth
behemoth（［bhi。mɑθ］），名詞，指“
龐然大物；強大的事物
”（something that is extremely large and often extremely powerful）
例：This dinosaur was a behemoth that dwarfed other creatures。
這隻恐龍是讓其他生物相形見絀的龐然大物。
visage
visage（［vz。d］），名詞，指“
臉龐
”（the face）。
formation
formation（［frme。n］），名詞，指“
佇列，編隊，陣勢
”（Activities that are done in formation are done in a pattern by a number of people， vehicles， etc。 moving together。）。
sport
sport，及物動詞，指“
穿戴；裝點
”（to wear or be decorated with something）。
例：The front of the car sported a German flag。
汽車前部都插著一面德國國旗。
slanted
slanted（［sln。td］），形容詞，指“
傾斜的；歪斜的
”（sloping in one direction）。
turret
turret（［tr。t］），名詞，指“
迴轉炮塔；旋轉槍架
”（a part of a military vehicle that contains a large gun or guns and can be moved to face any direction）。
For all of its power， however， it had a significant design flaw： based on the way its powering cranks were drawn to move， the armored car wouldn‘t be able to move forward。 Historians believe that da Vinci incorporated this flaw into his design on purpose， to prevent anyone from actually using it。
儘管它力量強大，但也有一個重大的設計缺陷：根據動力曲柄被拉動的方式，這輛裝甲車無法向前行進。歷史學家認為，達·芬奇是故意在他的設計中留下這個缺陷，為的是防止任何人真的使用它。
上篇完