陪伴孩子成長的修行路必備手冊(十)

陪伴孩子成長的修行路必備手冊(十)

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陪伴孩子成長的修行路必備手冊(十)

上一篇我們介紹三到四歲孩子各階段發育的科普。本次的主題是接著一起來看看學齡前兒童在四到五歲的正常發育軌跡,如何促進處於這個階段的兒童發育,以及在什麼情況下需要引起重視去看發育專科醫生。

陪伴孩子成長的修行路必備手冊(十)

情感和行為發展

在這個年齡,孩子們正在摸索學習如何表達情感。他們會嘗試透過很多方式表達——例如,透過交談、使用姿勢或手勢、發出噪音和在遊戲中釋放和表達情感。

這個階段的學齡前兒童也喜歡和周圍的人在一起。同時,想象中的朋友對他們來說也很重要。作為與他人相處的一部分,你可能會聽到孩子和他人說對不起,認同遊戲規則,當別人有好事情發生時會為之感到高興。

在合作方面,你的孩子會比以前更樂於助人,雖然有時他們可能仍然要求很高。不過當孩子五歲的時候,他們可能會對自己的行為有更多的控制,發脾氣也會減少。

孩子可能對將要開始去學校感到焦慮。爸爸媽媽們可以和你的孩子一起談論這件事,甚至可以一起去學校,參觀一下,都能幫助你減輕孩子的緊張或焦慮情緒。

從四到五歲開始,孩子有時可能會故意隱瞞事情的真相,甚至開始撒謊。例如,明明是做了,他們可能會說‘我沒有做’。這是學齡前兒童正常發育的一部分。

遊戲和學習

玩遊戲對孩子來說很重要,因為這是孩子學習和探索情感的方式。孩子會喜歡唱歌、跳舞和表演,同時,也喜歡過家家之類的裝扮遊戲,並且開始知道幻想和現實之間的區別。比起小時候,這個階段的學齡前兒童會更有性別意識,並會開始玩基於性別的遊戲——例如,女孩可能想在遊戲裡做“媽媽”。另外,孩子也可能會嘗試不同的角色和行為,比如做醫生或是結婚。

學齡前兒童可能對他們自己的和他人的身體非常好奇。例如,家長可能會發現孩子在看自己或其他孩子的生殖器。與生俱來的好奇心加上角色扮演的遊戲通常是兒童性行為的一個典型部分。但如果你擔心孩子的這些行為有異常,最好和兒科醫生或兒童心理諮詢專業人員談談。

思維

四到五歲的學齡前兒童更理解相反的詞彙概念,例如,高/低。他們知道字母和數字的名字和順序,並可以數到10。孩子能記住他們自己的地址,知道區分左和右。

語言

在四到五歲這個學前時期語言會有很大的發展。你可能會注意到孩子喜歡講故事和交談。同時孩子也可能會告訴你他們的感受,談論他們的想法,問你很多問題,會說押韻的單詞等。

四歲時,學齡前兒童知道數百個單詞,能用5-6個或更多的單詞造句。孩子說的話都能夠被聽懂。到了五歲,學齡前兒童可以說得更清楚,會知道、理解以及使用更多的單詞構句,會達到一個句子有9個單詞,並且通常會用更復雜的句型。

日常生活技能

自己穿脫衣服對於這個年齡的孩子來說已經很簡單了。孩子可能會用筷子,叉子和勺子,不過仍然需要爸爸媽媽的監督和幫助。另外,孩子可以自己獨立刷牙和去廁所。

運動技能

這個階段的學齡前兒童喜歡運動和各種活動。雙腳交替下樓梯,投球,接球和踢球,跑步,攀爬,雙腳跳躍,單腳跳躍和平衡這些技能比以前越來越好。另外,孩子也在發展一些新的粗大運動技能-例如,跳繩,向後跳或邊跑邊跳。

同時,學齡前兒童的精細運動技能也在提高。孩子可以用兒童安全剪刀剪東西,寫他們的名字和一些字母,會畫圓圈,畫出有身體部位和衣服的人的圖畫。

陪伴孩子成長的修行路必備手冊(十)

如何促進4歲到5歲兒童發育?

1。 給孩子充足的玩耍時間

玩有助於學齡前兒童表達喜悅、興奮、憤怒或恐懼等情緒。學齡前兒童喜歡玩沙子或泥巴里,玩布偶戲,或者在戶外奔跑、翻跟斗、翻滾。

2。 找時間進行創造性和藝術性的遊戲

可以是繪畫、繪畫或裝扮換裝遊戲。做音樂遊戲也是好方法-孩子可能會喜歡跳舞或用簡單的樂器來做音樂。

3。 陪寶寶一起閱讀

和孩子一起閱讀、講故事、唱歌和背誦童謠,可以鼓勵孩子說話和培養他的想象力。

4。 和孩子一起做飯

這有助於你的孩子對健康食物感興趣,學習一些新單詞,並開始熟悉數學概念,如“一半”、“一茶匙”或“30分鐘”。你可以讓孩子做一些簡單的烹飪活動,比如拌個沙拉或者做個三明治。

5. 與孩子一起玩遊戲中要引導孩子學會分享和輪流交換

玩的時候,可以這樣說:“現在輪到我搭積木塔了,然後捱到你玩”,或者“你給我一起玩紅積木,我就把綠積木給你一起玩”。對於這個年齡段的孩子來說,學會分享還是有點難,所以當你的孩子有分享行為的時候,一定要給他很多表揚和鼓勵。

6。 可以把孩子送到幼兒園

在幼兒園,孩子可以透過玩遊戲來學習,交朋友,培養責任感、獨立性和自信心。幼兒園可以幫助和鼓勵你的孩子獲得很大的進步,而且孩子會玩的很開心。

陪伴孩子成長的修行路必備手冊(十)

在什麼情況下需要引起重視去看醫生

如果觀察到4歲的孩子有任何一項下述情況的,需要帶孩子去就醫進一步評估。

看東西或聽東西有困難

不會說3個單詞的短句

不懂簡單的兩步的指令——例如,“把娃娃放下來,把球撿起來”

不會玩角色扮演的過家家遊戲—例如,不會玩假裝做媽媽或爸爸

有行為問題——例如,因為很小的事情大發脾氣,或者在你離開時還是很粘或者大哭大鬧

在很多時候看上去很害怕,不高興或是傷心難過

看上去很笨拙 ——例如,走路或奔跑時容易絆倒

握拿小的東西有困難,比如鉛筆,蠟筆

畫簡單的圖形有困難,比如圓形或方形

自己吃東西,穿衣服或上廁所有困難

如果觀察到5歲的孩子有任何一項下述情況的,需要帶孩子去就醫進一步評估。

看東西或聽東西有困難

沒有會話的技能—例如,不知道如何對話,傾聽和迴應。

不懂得三步驟的指令——例如,“把娃娃放下來,把球從椅子地下撿起來,放進盒子裡”

不跟其他孩子玩,或行為好鬥富有攻擊性

在很多時候看上去很害怕,不高興或是傷心難過

很容易分心,不能專心投入任何一項活動超過數分鐘

不會玩角色扮演的過家家遊戲—例如,不會玩假裝做醫生或護士,玩沙坑裡施工,或做飯之類的遊戲

看上去很笨拙 ——例如,走路或奔跑時容易絆倒

使用小的物體有困難,比如鉛筆或蠟筆

畫簡單的圖形有困難,比如圓形或方形

自己吃東西,穿衣服或上廁所有困難

Preschooler development at 4-5 years: what’s happening

Feelings and behaviour

At this age, children are exploring and learning to express emotions。 They do this in many ways – for example, by talking, using gestures, noises and in play。

Preschoolers also like to be around people。 Imaginary friends could be important to your child too。 As part of getting along with others, you might hear your child saying sorry, agreeing to rules and being pleased when good things happen to other people。

When it comes to cooperating, your child is likely to be more helpful, but sometimes they might still be demanding。 By the time your child is five years old, they’ll probably have more control over their behaviour and fewer temper tantrums。

Your child might feel anxious about starting school。 Talking to your child about this and even visiting the school together can help to ease any worries。

In this year, your child might hide the truth about things sometimes, or even start telling lies。 For example, they might say ‘I didn’t do it’ even when they did。 This is a normal part of preschooler development。

Playing and learning

Play is important because it’s still how children learn and explore feelings。 When it comes to play, your child likes to sing, dance and act。 Your child also loves make-believe play and is learning the difference between fantasy and reality。 Your child is more aware of their gender and might want to play gender-based games – for example, girls might want to play at being ‘Mum’。 Your child might also try different roles and behaviour, like being a doctor or getting married。

Your preschooler might be very curious about bodies – their own and other people’s。 For example, you might find your child looking at their own and other children’s genitals。 A combination of natural curiosity and role-playing is usually a normal part of childhood sexual behaviour。 But if you’re concerned about a child’s sexual behaviour, it’s a good idea to talk with a GP, a paediatrician or another qualified health professional。

Thinking

Preschoolers understand more about opposites – for example, high/low。 They know the names of letters and numbers out of order, and can count to 10。 Your child might remember their own address and know the difference between left and right。

Talking

Children’s language develops a lot at 4-5 years。 You might notice that your child loves telling stories and having conversations。 Your child might also tell you how they feel, talk about their ideas, ask lots of questions and say words that rhyme。

At four years, preschoolers know hundreds of words and can use 5-6 words or more in sentences。 You’ll be able to understand what your child is saying all the time。 By five years, preschoolers can speak more clearly and will know, understand and use even more words, often in more complex sentences of up to nine words。

Daily life

Dressing themselves is pretty easy for children at this age。 Also, your child can probably use a fork, spoon and sometimes a knife – for example, to spread butter on bread。 You still need to supervise and help your child sometimes, but your child can go to the toilet and brush their teeth independently。

Moving

Preschoolers love moving and being active。 Your child is getting better at walking down steps with alternating feet, throwing, catching and kicking a ball, running, climbing, jumping, hopping and balancing on one foot。 Your child might also develop some new gross motor skills – for example, skipping, jumping backwards or jumping while running。

Your preschooler’s fine motor skills are improving too。 Your child can cut with child-safe scissors and write their first name and some letters。 Your child might also be able to draw a circle and make detailed drawings of people with body parts and clothes。

How to help preschooler development at 4-5 years

Ÿ Give your child lots of playtime: play helps preschoolers express feelings like joy, excitement, anger or fear。 Your child might like messy play in sand or mud, pretend play with puppets, and outdoor play with plenty of running, tumbling and rolling。

Ÿ Make time for imaginative and creative play: this might be painting, drawing or dress-up games。 Musical play is another idea – your child might like to dance, jump around or make music with simple instruments。

Ÿ Read with your preschooler: reading together, telling stories, singing songs and reciting nursery rhymes all encourage your child’s talking, thinking and imagination。

Ÿ Do some cooking with your child: this helps your preschooler to get interested in healthy food, learn new words and understand maths concepts like ‘half’, ‘1 teaspoon’ or ‘30 minutes’。 You can give your child simple cooking activities, like tossing a salad or putting together sandwiches。

Ÿ Play games with your child that involve learning to share and taking turns。 When you play, say things like, ‘Now it’s my turn to build the tower, then it’s your turn’, or ‘You share the red blocks with me, and I’ll share the green blocks with you’。 Sharing is still hard for children at this age, so give your child lots of praise when they share。

Ÿ You might want to think about sending your child to preschool。 At preschool your child can learn through play, make friends, and develop responsibility, independence and confidence。 Preschool can support and encourage your child’s amazing development – and it can be a lot of fun too。

When to be concerned about child development at 4 years

Ÿ has trouble seeing or hearing things

Ÿ doesn’t use sentences of more than three words。

Ÿ can’t understand two-part commands like ‘Put the doll down, and pick up the ball’

Ÿ doesn’t pretend during play – for example, doesn’t pretend to be mum or dad

Ÿ has very challenging behaviour – for example, has big tantrums over very small things or still clings or cries when you leave

Ÿ seems very afraid, unhappy or sad a lot of the time。

Ÿ is clumsy – for example, trips over a lot when walking or running

Ÿ finds it hard to handle small objects – for example, a pencil or crayon

Ÿ has trouble drawing shapes – for example, a circle or cross

Ÿ has difficulty eating, dressing or using the toilet。

When to be concerned about child development at 5 years

Ÿ has trouble seeing or hearing things

Ÿ isn’t developing conversational skills – for example, doesn’t understand how to talk, listen and respond。

Ÿ can’t understand three-part commands like ‘Put the doll down, get the ball from under the chair and put it in the box’

Ÿ doesn’t play with other children or acts in a very aggressive way

Ÿ seems very afraid, unhappy or sad a lot of the time

Ÿ is easily distracted and can’t concentrate on any single activity for more than a few minutes

Ÿ doesn’t pretend during play – for example, doesn’t play doctors and nurses, construction in the sandpit or cooking。

Ÿ is clumsy – for example, trips over a lot when walking or running

Ÿ finds it hard to use small objects – for example, a pencil or crayon

Ÿ has trouble drawing shapes – for example, a circle or square

Ÿ has difficulty eating, dressing or using the toilet。

作者:澳大利亞墨爾本大學醫學院兒科博士

百匯醫療(中國)兒科醫師

蔣本然

陪伴孩子成長的修行路必備手冊(十)

陪伴孩子成長的修行路必備手冊(十)

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陪伴孩子成長的修行路必備手冊(十)